Financial Devastation Will Follow The Mass Deportations Of Illegal Immigrants

Whether we like it or not, the United States has spent a long time building an economic infrastructure that depends heavily on illegal immigrant labor. 

In 2022, undocumented immigrants paid $75.6 billion in taxes, including $46 billion in federal taxes and $29 billion in state and local taxes. They also paid $25 billion in Social Security taxes, $6 billion in Medicare taxes, and $2 billion in unemployment insurance. They aalso can't access most social services, so they pay to support benefits they don't receive.

The proposed plan to deport over 10 million+  illegal immigrants would have a devastating impact, not just on the 4 million mixed families that will potentially be separated, but on the U.S. economy itself. 

What follows is a chronicle, a small sample from a barrage of warnings. 

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"A paradox has settled across California’s velvet green fields and orchards. California farmers, who are some of the most ardent supporters of Donald Trump, would seem to be on a collision course with one of the president-elect’s most important campaign promises. Trump has pledged to carry out mass deportations of undocumented immigrants across the country, including, he has said in recent days, rounding up people and putting them in newly built detention camps.

If any such effort penetrated California’s heartland — where half the fruits and vegetables consumed in the U.S. are grown — it almost surely would decimate the workforce that farmers rely on to plant and harvest their crops. At least half of the state’s 162,000 farmworkers are undocumented, according to estimates from the federal Department of Labor and research conducted by UC Merced. 

Without sufficient workers, food would rot in the fields, sending grocery prices skyrocketing."

"California farmers were big Trump backers. They may be on collision course over immigrant deportation." latimes.com. November 25, 2024.

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Leaders in the construction business, including Republicans, are worried that Donald Trump’s plans to carry out a mass deportation of undocumented immigrants will crater their industry, given its reliance on migrant workers.

“We will absolutely have a labor shortage,” developer George Fuller, mayor of McKinney Texas, a Dallas suburb that’s undergone a construction boom in recent years, toldThe Wall Street Journal. “Whether you want to acknowledge it or not, these industries depend on immigrant labor.”

Builders are praying they don’t get hit with the kind of dramatic workplace raids the Trump administration has talked about reinstating, Stan Marek, CEO of a Houston interior contracting company, added in an interview with the paper. These businesses are “putting their heads down and hoping like hell it doesn’t happen,” he said.

Studies suggest roughly one-third of U.S. construction workers are foreign-born, and that undocumented workers make up some 13 percent of the overall construction business.

Mass deportation would likely have a similar impact on states like California, Nevada, Washington, and Massachusetts, which also have large shares of migrant workers in the construction industry.

"Construction industry ‘hoping like hell’ Trump won’t crack down on undocumented labor force."  independent.co.uk. December 3, 2024.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #16: The New Heaven And New Earth (Revelation 21-22)

A quick reminder: Revelation is “A revelation of Jesus Christ.” (Revelation 1:1) “If anyone asks, ‘Why read the Apocalypse?’ the answer must be, ‘To know Christ better.’”To much of a focus on anything less will rob us of the goodness of the message of Revelation. 

The previous installment looked at the battles in Revelation, including the final one.   Here, finally, is the conclusion of Revelation.

The Bible is unified story that points toward the same conclusion. What we see in the final chapters of Revelation is the end to the unified story the Bible has been telling. One way we know the story is unified – and that this is the appropriate end – is the way the Fall in Genesis is reversed. 

Tariffs Will Have A Significant Impact On The Financial Stability Of The Lower And Middle Class In The United States

What follows are not my words. They are the words of experts in history, business, and economics. If I were to summarize it would be, “Buckle up. If you are a low or middle income family, your budget is about to get really tight.”  This isn't about concerns that we aren't financially comfortable. I am deeply concerned about how financial instability and poverty impact human flourishing in the United States. When our economy suffers, the financially stable experience hurdles and will largely be okay; the financially unstable experience devastation, and will not. That is not okay. 

I hope that all of these prognosticators are wrong. I doubt that all of them are wrong. 

 

If you want to leave a comment or provide links that counter this narrative, you are welcome to do so. Please, if you do so, read all the excerpts rather than just a few, and feel free to go all the links to see that my excerpts did justice to the articles. These are mostly in chronological order, just to record the history of what made the radar of people concerned about how tariffs will impact the average person.

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"Daniel Laguna of LevelUp warned that Trump’s proposed 60% tariff on Chinese imports could raise the costs of gaming consoles by 40%, so that a PS5 Pro gaming system would cost up to $1,000. 

One of the old justifications for tariffs was that they would bring factories home, but when the $3 billion shoe company Steve Madden announced yesterday it would reduce its imports from China by half to avoid Trump-promised tariffs, it said it will shift production not to the U.S., but to Cambodia, Vietnam, Mexico, and Brazil...”

(Historian Heather Cox Richardson, November 8 email)

 

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“Automotive companies like Nissan and Stellantis are already bracing for cost increases and have announced impending layoffs to mitigate anticipated losses... Leaders from major U.S. corporations, including AutoZone, have confirmed that price increases are on the way, with some anticipating hikes as early as next year.”

 

“Some Trump Voters Already Regret Their Decision Amid Concerns Over Tariffs, Job Cuts, and Rising Costs." November 10, 2024. Meidas.com

 

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"Mexico’s economy minister Marcelo Ebrard said his country would consider retaliating with tariffs of its own should the incoming US administration impose taxes on Mexican imports. In the last days of the campaign, President-elect Donald Trump vowed toimpose tariffs of as much as 25% on Mexican imports should its southern neighbor fail to crack down on migration and the flow of drugs into the US. “If you apply tariffs, we’ll have to apply tariffs. And what does that bring you? A gigantic cost for the North American economy,” he said...

Trump’s tariff threats do not take into account the countries’ bilateral economic dependence, wrote Americas Quarterly: Mexico sends up to 80% of its exports to the US. Decoupling trade with Mexico would make the fight against Washington’s even larger target, China, more difficult: US imports from China totaled $536.3 billion in 2022, undercutting prices of US products and encouraging foreign manufacturing. Trump has stated that he will also introduce trade tariffs on China of up to 60%. However, too many tariffs risk increasing domestic prices.“[Trump] continues to make China the bogeyman and has indicated he will get more aggressive,” one expert told CNBC, leaving Mexico as a key trade ally to mitigate against the worst economic impacts of Trump’s hard line on China.

"Mexico mulls retaliatory tariffs on US." November 12, 2024. semafor.com.

My Values Voter List 2024

 God rolled out a vision for a just society through biblical revelation, starting with the Israelites in the Old Testament and moving into the church in the New Testament. As a Christian, I see a lot of issues to which the Bible speaks - issues which ought to guide my conscience and form my heart for the world. Justice is many splendored thing, and while some of issues will be more prominent in the minds of Christians than others - and should be - all of them are worth considering. Check out just a small sampling of verses. 

• “Give justice to the weak and the fatherless; maintain the right of the afflicted and the destitute.” (Psalm 82:3).
• “Learn to do good; seek justice, correct oppression; bring justice to the fatherless, and please the widow’s cause.” (Isaiah 1:17).
•  "When justice is done, it is a joy to the righteous but terror to evildoers." (Proverbs 21:15)
• “He has told you, O man, what is good; and what does the Lord require of you but to do justice, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with your God?” (Micah 6:8).
• "For I the Lord love justice; I hate robbery and wrong..." (Isaiah 61:8 )
• "Blessed are they who observe justice, who do righteousness at all times!" (Psalm 106:3)
• “Thus says the Lord of hosts, Render true judgments, show kindness and mercy to one another." (Zechariah 7:9 )
• “You shall do no injustice in court. You shall not be partial to the poor or defer to the great, but in righteousness shall you judge your neighbor." (Leviticus 19:15)
• "To do righteousness and justice is more acceptable to the Lord than sacrifice." (Proverbs 21:3)
• “‘Cursed be anyone who perverts the justice due to the sojourner, the fatherless, and the widow.’ And all the people shall say, ‘Amen.’ (Deuteronomy 27:19)
• "Thus says the Lord: Do justice and righteousness, and deliver from the hand of the oppressor him who has been robbed. And do no wrong or violence to the resident alien, the fatherless, and the widow, nor shed innocent blood in this place." (Jeremiah 22:3)
• "Open your mouth for the mute, for the rights of all who are destitute. Open your mouth, judge righteously, defend the rights of the poor and needy." (Proverbs 31:8-9)
• "He executes justice for the fatherless and the widow, and loves the foreigner, giving him food and clothing." (Deuteronomy 10:18) 
• “So you, by the help of your God, return, hold fast to love and justice, and wait continually for your God.” (Hosea 12:6)
• "A righteous man knows the rights of the poor; a wicked man does not understand such knowledge." (Proverbs 29:7)
• "Give justice to the weak and the fatherless; maintain the right of the afflicted and the destitute." (Psalm 82:3)
• "I know that the Lord will maintain the cause of the afflicted, and will execute justice for the needy." (Psalm 140:12)
• “Thus says the Lord of hosts, Render true judgments, show kindness and mercy to one another, do not oppress the widow, the fatherless, the foreigner, or the poor, and let none of you devise evil against another in your heart.” (Zechariah 7:9-10)
• "But if anyone has the world's goods and sees his brother in need, yet closes his heart against him, how does God's love abide in him? Little children, let us not love in word or talk but in deed and in truth." (1 John 3:17-18)
• "Who acquit the guilty for a bribe, and deprive the innocent of his right!" (Isaiah 5:23 )
• "It is not good to be partial to the wicked or to deprive the righteous of justice." (Proverbs 18:5)
• “Then I will draw near to you for judgment. I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, against the adulterers, against those who swear falsely, against those who oppress the hired worker in his wages, the widow and the fatherless, against those who thrust aside the sojourner, and do not fear me, says the Lord of hosts." (Malachi 3:5)
• “You shall not pervert the justice due to the sojourner or to the fatherless, or take a widow's garment in pledge." (Deuteronomy 24:17)
• "Whoever sows injustice will reap calamity, and the rod of his fury will fail. Whoever has a bountiful eye will be blessed, for he shares his bread with the poor." (Proverbs 22:8)
• “You shall not pervert the justice due to your poor in his lawsuit." (Exodus 23:6)
• "Woe to those who decree iniquitous decrees, and the writers who write oppression, to turn aside the needy from justice and to rob the poor of my people of their right, that widows may be their spoil, and that they may make the fatherless their prey!"(Isaiah 10:1-2) 
• "The wicked accepts a bribe in secret to pervert the ways of justice." (Proverbs 17:23-28)
• "For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me.“ Then the righteous will answer him, "Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you something to drink? When did we see you a stranger and invite you in, or needing clothes and clothe you? When did we see you sick or in prison and go to visit you?" The King will reply, "Truly I tell you, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me."(Matthew 25: 35-40)

In addition to justice, we see a love of mercy in the bible, a concept integral to an understanding of God's dealings with humankind. It involves compassionate and loving acts expressed in tangible ways. Justice is intertwined with mercy.  Similar to mercy is grace, giving people more than they deserve irrespective of the cause of their need.  The gospels present Jesus as one who brought good news of gospel grace to all who would listen, but especially to those who lived on the periphery of society: lepers, slaves, the demon-possessed, a paralytic, a tax collector, prostitutes, idolatrous Samaritans, a young girl, the blind. Throughout church history, people whose hearts were transformed by God's spiritual grace inevitably expressed this change by extending grace in very practical ways: taking care of all the poor, nursing all of the sick, adopting all of the babies set out to die. 

Love your neighbor as yourself (Mark 12:31); do unto others as you would have them do unto you (Luke 6:31); when you help the ‘least of these,’ it is as if you helped God himself (Matthew 25:40). All of these biblical commands are wrapped up in notions of both justice and mercy. And here’s where we begin to see why these things need to merge in our thinking just as they are intrinsically intertwined in the nature of God. The following quote is from an article entitled "Eight Core Christian Values": 

 “Biblical justice… refers to very practical, down-to-earth actions which ensure that the weak, the poor and the socially disadvantaged are cared for, whether they ‘deserve’ it or not… Biblical justice… ensure[s] that the weak are protected from abuse, that the poor have what they need, that the stranger in the land is shown hospitality and that the socially disadvantaged are cared for. Even when this means giving them what they do not ‘deserve’… Justice is often interpreted in terms of seeking rights for oneself or one’s own group (‘we demand justice’) when biblically it is really an action on behalf of others… ‘Justice’ is not for ‘just me’. This means that Christians will be more keen to protect others than themselves.“

Justice, then "most simply, means putting things right again — fixing, repairing, and restoring broken relationships…That should be our justice lens for viewing any society — looking at what’s wrong and figuring out how to make it right. Justice is as basic as that.” 

This is what I want to guide my vote when I identify the values that guide my voting.  While the things on the the following list probably ought to be weighted, I believe they are all worth considering.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #15: The End Of All Things (Revelation 19:11- 20: 15)

The previous post covered the fall of Babylon as recorded in Revelation 18. In this post, we look at the end of al things. First, a quick reminder. 

Revelation is “A revelation of Jesus Christ.” (Rev 1:1) “If anyone asks, ‘Why read the Apocalypse?’ the answer must be, ‘To know Christ better.’”[1] Too much of a focus on anything less will rob us of the goodness of the message of Revelation.

 I say this because today’s passages have been interpreted…a lot of different ways. We must be consistent with our interpretations when reading Revelation. We tend to play “duck, duck, goose!” with Revelation: “Figurative, figurative, LITERAL!” I am no exception. I have found myself revising numerous sermons in this series because I would think, “Anthony, that’s not how you used that image last week.” So, just some reminders on the approach I have been taking.

• Numbers are figurative. Weigh them, don't count them. That includes the 1,000 years that show up today.
• Sun, moon stars are heavenly beings
• Mountains are nations; the sea is people of all nations
• Fire/blood/winepress[2] have been icons that when you click on them lead to the grim reality of God’s judgment/justice. Sometimes more than one image is used at the same time (like today’s passage)
• The Beast, the False Prophet and Babylon have been corporate rather than individual, though individuals have embodied them throughout history. They are systems, empires, worldviews.
• The catastrophic physical calamities have been about spiritual, economic, and political realities.
• Recapitulation has been a thing; we saw the end of the world multiple times; we are about to hear about Armageddon again two more times (from two different perspectives) in Rev. 19 and 20.

We are going to pick up Revelation 19, beginning in verse 11. Verses 1-10 will show up next week when we get to Chapter 21. Once again, I am going to let the next few pages be the original text (mostly from The Voice translation) with its myriad of footnotes. If you want to, skip ahead for a version/translation/ commentary by yours truly that seeks to combine all the…stuff. All the things.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #14: Babylon Is Fallen (Revelation 17-18)

Last post, when we covered the bowl judgments, I said I was going to take the approach that John's vision explains God’s coming judgment on the Roman Empire as a framework for a universalized prediction of the judgments that will fall on all Babylons (World Systems) – the corrupt systems that cater to the lust of the flesh, the lust of eyes, and the pride of life[1] – as they are  dismantled and judged, which is experienced in reaping what they have sown. With that in mind, the next two chapters show the nations of the world bemoaning the loss of Babylon the Great. 

There are three things to remember.

First, the details John describes do not neatly fit any past historical city. It’s not less than Babylon or Rome, but it’s more than just one city. It's the archetypal head of all worldly empires. It shows systemic satanic deception and power at a global and national level. I know the idea that there can be “systemic sin” is a debated issue right now, but John sure thought it was a thing. Babylon is the poster child. New Testament scholar Bruce Metzger wrote:

“Babylon is allegorical of the idolatry that any nation commits when it elevates material abundance, military prowess, technological sophistication, imperial grandeur, racial pride, and any other glorification of the creature over the Creator... The message of the book of Revelation concerns… God’s judgments not only of persons, but also of nations and, in fact, of all principalities and powers—which is to say, all authorities, corporations, institutions, structures, bureaucracies, and the like.”[2]

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #13: 7 Bowls of Judgment (Revelation 15:5 – 16:21)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. In this post, we look at what's really happening in the seven bowl judgments, and how John's vision for a 1st century audience still applies to us today,

Previous post: https://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/07/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-12.html

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After I had taken all this in, I looked again; and the inner part of the tabernacle of witness[1] opened in heaven. Out of the temple came seven messengers, clothed in pure linen, bright and shining, their chests clad in a golden sash, carrying seven plagues. Then one of the four living creatures[2] stepped over to give to the seven messengers seven golden bowls[3] brimming with the wrath of God who lives throughout the ages. The temple was full of the smoke billowing from the magnificent glory of God and from His power,[4] and no one could enter the temple until the seven plagues of the seven messengers accomplished their God-ordained end. Then I heard a great voice coming from the temple ordering the seven heavenly messengers. A voice said,” Go and pour out the seven bowls of the wrath[5] of God upon the earth.”[6]

I am going to take the approach that John's vision explains God’s coming judgment on the Roman Empire (that will be clear in the next few chapters) by taking into the account of the fall of Babylon in light of the defeat of Pharaoh at the Red Sea, and use all of these as framework for a universalized prediction of the judgments that will fall on all Babylons (World Systems) until the final global Babylon is gone.[7]

• Chapter 15-16 pick up details from chapters 4, 8, 12 and 14. This is recapitulation.
• The 7 bowls of judgment (16:1-21) overlap the 7 trumpets and seals. Lots of similar imagery and events.
• They all have a similar goal: to bring the earth's inhabitants, like Pharaoh, to repentance.[8]
• The judgment escalates from impacting 1/4, to 1/3, to all the world.[9][10] My theory: it reminds us that God is patient, but at some point “our iniquities are full.” (Genesis 15:16)
• The bowls are linked to the Judgment of the global system in 18; 16:19; 14:8 - 10; 15:7, 16:1.
• This is modeled after the plagues in Egypt, the last 7 of which did not touch God’s people.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #12: The Marks Of The Beast And The Lamb (Revelation 13)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. In this post, we get to the always popular question: What is the Mark of the Beast?

Previous post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/07/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-11.html

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #11: The Dragon And The Woman (Revelation 12)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. 

Previous post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/06/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-10.html

Here, finally, we arrive at the second half of Revelation. Let's do a very brief review before we go further. Close to the end of the 1st century, John received a vision that gave the readers hope in the midst of suffering while pointing toward the end of history. Here’s the CliffNotes version.

• The historical setting is conflict in the last days,[1] which is simply they time between the first and second coming of Jesus.[2] 
• Revelation begins with, “This is the revelation of Jesus the Anointed,” and ends with, “the grace of the Lord Jesus be with God’s people.” Revelation is about Jesus above all else as the source of our hope.
• Front and center for John’s audience were the fearsome power and seductive allure of the Rome (Babylon/Egypt) and its (assumed or believed to be) divine emperors. 
• The values of empires like Rome/Babylon are beastly rather than divine. The god-like rulers are only pretenders to the throne.
• Only God is worthy to receive worship, so check your allegiance – which will “mark” you as a follower of the Conquering Lamb or the devouring Dragon. 
• Faithfulness will cost you; God will be with you, and indescribable goodness and beauty of an eternity with God awaits the faithful. 

So far, we have covered 7 letters that addressed threats coming from inside and outside the church; 7 seals that revealed the forces of evil unleashed against first believers and then the world in general; and 7 trumpets that heralded God's judgment on hardened humanity modeled after the god-toppling plagues of Egypt, with the hope of repentance. [3] In all of this, the souls of God’s people are kept safe, even when their bodies were not. It’s the history of the church. None of these things can separate God’s true people from His love or their eternal reward. And one day, there will be a final reckoning as the cycle ends in this life and world and we move into our existence in the next.

Ch. 12 begins the second half of Revelation. As always, it’s going to be thick with ‘hyperlinks’ to Old Testament references, which is our primary tool for understanding this text (along with extra-biblical Jewish literature and culture events that formed John’s audience).

• 12:1 - Genesis 37:9-11
• 12:2  - Isaiah 26:17; 66:7; Micah 4:9-10
• 12:3  - Isaiah 27:1; Daniel 7:7, 20, 24
• 12:4  - Daniel 8:10
• 12:5  - Psalm 2:8-9; Isaiah 66:7
• 12:7  - Daniel 10:13, 21; 12:1
• 12:9  - Genesis 3:1; Job 1:6; 2:1; Zechariah 3:1 12:10 Job 1:9-11; 2:4-5; Zechariah 3:1
• 12:14  - Exodus 19:4; Deuteronomy 32:11; Isaiah 40:31: Daniel 7:25; 12:7; Hosea 2:14-15 
• 12:15  - Hosea 15:10 12:17 Genesis 3:15[4] 

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A 1st Century Primer About Christians And Politics: What We Can Learn About "Being In The World, But Not Of It" From The Disciples Of Jesus

If you are like me, you are wondering if there is a way to talk about Christians and politics in preparation for what is sure to be another volatile election. A podcast I have been listening to this week covered some ground that I hope can lead us into introspection and discussion. What follows borrows heavily from Marty Solomon’s Bema podcast and printed notes, both of which can be found at bemadiscipleship.com, episodes 73-81.

 

This involves what happened to the Jewish people before the arrival of Jesus. They had returned from exile and splintered into 5 groups, all of which had reached different conclusions about how best to live as people of God in Greek and then Roman culture. This particular window of time seems relevant to where we are now.

 

I will start with an overview, then take a deeper dive into each group before talking about the relevance to us today.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #10: 7 Trumpets (Revelation 8-11)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. Here, finally, we arrive at the Seven Trumpets.

Previous post:  http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/06/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-9.html

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Now when the Lamb opened the seventh seal there was silence in heaven for about half an hour[1]. Then I saw the seven angels who stand before God, and seven trumpets were given to them. Another angel holding a golden censer came and was stationed at the altar. A large amount of incense was given to him to offer up, with the prayers of all the saints, on the golden altar that is before the throne.

The Old Testament associates silence with divine judgment.[2] This seems to be a response to the death of and the prayers of saints that bring about the judgment on those through whom evil and suffering have been unleashed in the world.

The smoke coming from the incense, along with the prayers of the saints, ascended before God from the angel’s hand. Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar, and threw it on the earth[3], and there were crashes of thunder, roaring, flashes of lightning, and an earthquake.[4]

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #9: The Seven Seals (Revelation 6-8:1)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. Here, finally, we arrive at the Seven Seals.

Previous post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/05/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-8.html

We are going to read today about the opening of the 7 seals (the first in a series of visions of 7 seals, 7 trumpets, and 7 bowls). There are different ways people views the seals, trumpets, and bowls unfolding.  I have some opinions about timelines,[2] but I am for more interested in faithfulness until the finish line. 

What we do know about when things happen is this from Revelation 1: these “must happen soon,” and “what is and what will be.” That didn’t help, right? Let’s move on.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #8: The Lukewarm Church Of Laodicea (Revelation 3:14-22)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I am laying a foundation by going through each letter to the churches. Think of the letters as the frame; the rest of Revelation will paint stunning apocalyptic illustrations to hang on that frame. 

Two more letters to churches before we get to the illustrations: Philadelphia, then Laodicea. 

Previous Post:http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-7.html

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #7: Philadelphia, The Church Where Challenges Opened Doors

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I am laying a foundation by going through each letter to the churches. Think of the letters as the frame; the rest of Revelation will paint stunning apocalyptic illustrations to hang on that frame. 

Two more letters to churches before we get to the illustrations: Philadelphia, then Laodicea. 

Previous Post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-6.html

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Philadelphia was founded around 190 B.C. by the king whose close relationship with his brother earned Philadelphia the meaning “brotherly love.” Philadelphia was called The Doorway to the East because you had to pass through it from a shipping port in the west if you wanted to get to the East, to India specifically – and a lot of people wanted to get to India. The main roads from nearby commercially rich regions converged in Philadelphia.

In the 2nd century BC, the Greeks had used it as a base to spread their culture into all the surrounding regions. It had an almost evangelistic fervor. Their religion, philosophy, government, art and language all spread throughout Asia Minor.[1] Philadelphia was a doorway to spread a worldview and a culture.
It was a flourishing town, at one point earning the nickname “Little Athens.” The one major drawback was earthquakes. These were such a problem that the residents of Philadelphia got used to leaving for a while and coming back. It was just kind of life in Philadelphia. It was shaky. One historian wrote that every wall had cracks; people were often injured or killed by falling bricks and stones.

Their temples, however, were built to withstand earthquake damage. They put the foundations on charcoal beds covered with fleeces, so the temple “floated.” For this reason, the temples would be among the most secure structures in the city. It was not unusual for the temple columns to be the only thing left standing after severe earthquakes. In AD 17, the same earthquake that leveled Sardis also leveled most of Philadelphia. People stayed outside the city for as long as three years after that one. When it was rebuilt, Philadelphia became Neocaesarea, the city of Caesar, thanks to the help from Rome. This brings us to our text.[2]

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #6: Sardis - Church Of The Living Dead (Revelation 3:1-6)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I found the journey to be worth it. I hope you do too. 

Previous Post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb_20.html

                                                            * * * * * *

When John was writing Revelation, Sardis was a city that had seen better days. Remember Bruce Springsteen’s song “Glory Days”? Something like that.

It was once a capital city under the Persian government. Aesop reportedly came from Sardis. It was kind of a big deal. The Hebrews referred to the first Lydian king, Gyges[1], as “Gog”; he was followed by the next king, Magog.[2] Eventually, Sardis was ruled by Croesus, famed for his wealth. Sardis had a river in which to pan for gold where (according to legends) King Midas dipped his finger to lose that pesky golden touch. Gold and silver coins were apparently made for the first time in Sardis;[3] some historians credit that with the beginning of money as we know it.

Sardis was famous for having been built on an acropolis. It had cliffs on three sides and only one major access to protect. Armies never pulled off a frontal assault in the history of the city. Sardis engaged heavily in the worship of Cybele, who was said to be able to restore the dead to life. Maybe that’s why its necropolis (graveyard) was as well known as the acropolis on which the city was first built. However…. those cliffs and wealth and gods and goddesses didn’t guarantee their safety as much as they thought.

• Croesus’ army was destroyed by the Persian king Cyrus after Croesus misread the Oracle of Delphi’s prediction about a great empire falling if Croesus attacked them. It was Croesus’s empire.
• In 546 the city fell to Cyrus when Cyrus’s army spotted a weakness in the cliff walls.
• In 214 BC the city itself was taken by surprise attacks from Antiochus the Great (the father of the “little horn” in Daniel 7), once again literally by a thief in the night sneaking up the walls.

Given to the Romans in 133 BC, it flourished. By this time it had lost political prestige and power, but not wealth. It was still a major town on trade routes, famous for gold, silver, and precious stones. It did not lead to the moral betterment of the people.

“Even on pagan lips, Sardis was a name of contempt. Its people were notoriously loose living, notoriously pleasure-and luxury loving. Sardis was a city of the decadence.”[4]

In 17 AD, it was leveled by an earthquake. Tiberius helped rebuild, and that’s when the cult of emperor worship kicked Cybele out. However, Sardis also had a large Jewish community with which they lived in apparent harmony. The Jews would later build a synagogue the length of a football field, one of the largest in ancient times. Apparently, Sardis got along with Christians just fine also.[5] With this background in mind, let’s read Revelation 3:1-6 (The Voice).

The One: Write down My words, and send them to the messenger of the church in Sardis. “These are the words of the One who has the seven Spirits of God[6] and the One who holds the seven stars[7]: “I know the things you do—you’ve claimed a reputation of life, but you are actually dead.[8] Wake up from your death-sleep, and strengthen what remains of the life you have been given that is in danger of death. I have judged your deeds as far from complete in the sight of My God. Therefore, remember what you have received and heard; it’s time to keep these instructions and turn back from your ways. If you do not wake up from this sleep, I will come in judgment. I will creep up on you like a thief—you will have no way of knowing when I will come.[9]

But there are a few names[10] in Sardis who don’t have the stain of evil works on their clothes. These people will walk alongside Me in white, spotless garments because they have been proven worthy. “The one who conquers through faithfulness even unto death will be clothed in white garments,[11] and I will certainly not erase that person’s name from the book of life.[12] I will acknowledge this person’s name before My Father and before His heavenly messengers.[13] 6 “Let the person who is able to hear, listen to and follow what the Spirit proclaims to all the churches.”

It would appear that Sardis was unique among the seven churches in that it was not facing any of the persecution of the other congregations. They were apparently active,[14] but, much like the city, they were coasting of past achievements, indulging in pleasure and luxury, thinking they had built the church on a spiritually safe acropolis when actually they were living in the necropolis.[15]

The Church of Sardis was busy, but not alive. There’s no “seat” or “temple” of Satan here; Satan didn’t need to attack. The church wasn't alive enough for the culture to care that it was there; their neighbors weren’t excited or offended. A lack of being counter-cultural, a lack of recognizing threats, and a lack of seeing the need to be salt and light had left it at peace, but it was “the peace of the dead.”[16]

Think of starlight. When you see the Big Dipper, you are looking at light that began its journey earthward over a century ago. It is possible that some of those stars no longer exist. A star might be dead while the light we see makes it look alive. This was the church in Sardis. [17] For the Christians in Sardis, the call to overcome and remain faithful to the end was not a call to resist a harsh attack from outside the church. It was a call to resist something far more subtle: the spiritual complacency and self-righteousness that too easily follows luxury, comfort, ease. They had become what Jesus applied to the Scribes and Pharisees in Matthew 23:27-28:

“You are like whitewashed tombs, which look beautiful on the outside but on the inside, are full of dead men’s bones and everything unclean….on the outside you appear to people as righteous, but inside, you are full of hypocrisy and wickedness.”

What characterizes the Living Dead? I confess I’m pulling from zombie tropes now, but I think they actually make some sense. For centuries, entire cultures have told stories about what the Living Dead are like. They understand the horror of it.

• They follow their bodily appetites above all else. A fruit of the Spirit is self-control.[18] This is not present for those who are full of death and not life. In an indulgent town like Sardis, that would be a common problem in line with the Nicolaitan problem we’ve seen already that plagued almost all the churches in Revelation so far. “How do I meet my needs?” is the #1 question.
• They are the ultimate consumers. It is all take and no give. There is no sense in which they live for others – and when it appears that they are, you can be sure it’s going to benefit them. What feeds me? What satisfies me? What will I get out of this? You scratch by back and…then scratch it again. It’s the exact opposite of the covenantal approach to life a Christian should have.
• They are never satisfied. Spiritually, it’s “always learning but never able to come to the truth.” (2 Timothy 3:7) It’s always hungry and thirsty without Jesus (John 6:35) C.S. Lewis described it this way in The Screwtape Letters: “An ever increasing craving for and ever diminishing pleasure is the formula...to get a man's soul and give him nothing in return.” And the dissatisfaction is never seen as a sign that might be asking too much of material pleasures; it’s seen as a sign they just aren’t trying hard enough.
• They are totally unaware of their impact on others. They have no idea the chaos and pain their relentless self-centeredness leave behind them. They never look in the rearview mirror. They never ask how others experience them. They never enter into biblical accountability. They never speculate about the ripple effect of what they have done. 
• They fit in with the crowd. The culture doesn’t attack them because they fit in. And this was the problem in Sardis. They fit in. They had traded the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped the creature side of the world more than the Creator.[19] They loved the Beast more than the Lamb.

However, there is Good News (as there always is):

You were dead because of your sins and because your sinful nature was not yet cut away. Then God made you alive with Christ, for he forgave all our sins.” (Colossians 2:13)

“Even though we were dead because of our sins, he gave us life when he raised Christ from the dead. It is only by God’s grace that you have been saved! (Ephesians 2:5)

We see this at work as the history of Sardis unfolded. We have sermons from Melito, bishop of Sardis in the second century; representatives from Sardis attended the First Council of Nicaea (325), Council of Ephesus (431).[20] So the church did not wither away.

How did those embers of life fan into flame? Well, the work of Jesus, of course. That’s the foundation. Unless he builds the house, we labor in vain.[21] But Sardis receives some clear instruction on what God expects of them as well.

Wake up and keep watching. Scott Daniels,[22] when asked by a friend how he was doing spiritually, responded, “I'm doing okay. I mean, I think God and I are just fine, I would say we are just coasting along through life together.” His friend replied, “I will really be praying for you, Scott, because I'm sure you are aware, there is only one direction a person will coast."

It is too easy to think we have built unassailable spiritual fortresses when we don’t. It can be too easy to only resist the frontal assaults and miss the thief sneaking in to kill and destroy. I am far less concerned about the times culture blatantly promotes sin than I am about the times it just subtly blends into the background and becomes part of the moral ecosystem that nurtures us. Here’s how subtle sins work:[23]

• “Who wants to join me in a murder?” Hard pass. The spiritual fortress is solid. “Who want to join me in expressing how much we loathe Person X on social media?” I’m in! The spiritual fortress is breached.[24] 
• “I can’t sleep with you; I’m married.” Spiritual fortress is solid. “Listen, porn is just not a big deal. It’s normal, and nobody gets hurt.” Spiritual fortress breached.[25] 
• “I won’t take revenge on you even though you hurt me; vengeance belongs to God.” Spiritual fortress is solid. “But I sure hope somebody does and I hope it hurts you like it hurt me!” Spiritual fortress is breached. (Matthew 5:38)
• A healthy sense of self-worth… subtly becomes pride. 
• Enjoying the material luxuries around us… becomes materialism.
• Righteous discernment… morphs into unrighteous judgment.
• A good track record of not stealing physical things… blinds us to our theft of intangible things (like purity or innocence).
• Being a good steward of money… becomes greed. 
• A desire for seeing people held accountable/responsible… becomes unforgiveness.
• Wishing you could have some of the success people around you have (which can be a good motivator)… becomes envy (they actually don’t deserve it and I do.)
• Trying to connect the dots to better understand the actions and motivations of a public figure… becomes slander based on rumor and innuendo, 
• The gift of persuasion… turns into the art of manipulation.
• A love of direct honesty… becomes an excuse for harshness.
• Being responsible with what you have been given… being selfish with what you have been given. 

It’s subtle. We have to wake up and keep watching to see the thief sneaking into our city. This is what we pray for – revival, a renewing of our hearts and minds that begin with Holy Spirit clarity.

Strengthen what remains.  How many movies have a boxer or a policeman or doctor who made a terrible error, and they become just a shell of themselves. Then somebody swoops in and revives what’s left, usually to a montage of scenes while “Eye Of The Tiger” plays in the background. Or “My Heart Will Go On.” That’s the idea here. This is what we pray for: the embers of our righteousness fanned to life by the Holy Spirit.

Remember what you received and heard. The teaching of the gospel message and apostles is a point of reference for past, present, and future faith. The fundamental foundations of the gospel of Jesus Christ cannot be forgotten. There is no replacement for orthodoxy (right belief) with a foundation of biblical truth on which we build our lives. This is what we pray for: that we not only learn but long to learn, and that we always remember Gospel truth.

Repent and keep the instructions. From orthodoxy (right teaching) comes orthopraxy (right action) and orthopathy (right emotions). The church is the chosen instrument of God to expand his kingdom through the person and work of Jesus, by the power of the Holy Spirit, on the foundation of biblical truth, represented by His ambassadors, His children. This is what we pray for: faithful and consistent endurance. When we are faithful to endure until the end, a reward awaits: full fellowship with God, purified and renewed in ways we can’t imagine, with our name secured for eternity. 

NEXT POST: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb-7.html

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[1] Plato recorded that Gyges gained power with the help of a magical ring that made him invisible. #Lordoftherings
[2] “The word of Yahweh came to me: ‘Mortal, set your face toward Gog, of the land of Magog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. Prophesy against him and say: Thus says the Lord God: I am against you, O Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal.’” (Ezekiel 38:1–3)
[3] “It is of interest to note that the first coinage ever to be minted in Asia Minor was minted in Sardis in the days of Croesus. These roughly formed electrum staters were the beginning of money in the modern sense of the term. Sardis was the place where modern money was born.” (Barclay)
[4] Biblical Sites In Turkey: Sardis. https://www.meandertravel.com/biblical_asia_minor/biblical_asia_minor.php?details=sardis
[5] Hat tip to NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible for good background info.
[6] A repetition of Revelation 1:4. See also Revelation 4:5 and 5:6. Note the 7-fold Spirit in Isaiah 11:2 and compare the seven lamps and seven eyes of Zechariah (Zechariah 3:9; Zechariah 4:2; Zechariah 4:10), “the symbols of eternal light and all embracing knowledge” (Ellicott’s Commentary For English Readers). 7 Is a symbol for completion.
[7] A repetition of Revelation 1:20 in which they are identified as angels.
[8] From nekros, which is also the root word for Sardis’s famous necropolis.
[9] “Here the reference is not to Christ’s second coming (cf. 16:15; 1 Thess. 5:2; 2 Pet. 3:10), but to His sudden and unexpected coming to His unrepentant, dead church to inflict harm and destruction.” (NKJV MacArthur Study Bible) I think I would rephrase the reason as purification.
[10] “3686 ónoma – name; (figuratively) the manifestation or revelation of someone's character, i.e. as distinguishing them from all others.” (HELPS Word Studies)
[11] White clothing stood for purity, righteousness, and sanctification (Ps. 51:7; Is. 1:18; Rev. 7:14; 19:14). “This image is rooted in Old Testament purity laws. The priests and the people wore white robes on the Day of Atonement according to Jewish tradition….God also wears a white robe in Da 7:9. The “soiled” clothing of those in Sardis is likely rooted in the imagery of Zechariah (see Zec 3:1–3). In a Greco-Roman context, white robes were often worn by the emperor and by athletic victors.” (NIV First Century Study Bible)
[12] Cities in Asia Minor had citizen-registers; in an earlier period Sardis was known for its royal archives. In some cities, names of errant citizens were deleted from the register immediately prior to their execution. (NIV Cultural Backgrounds Study Bible) A divine ledger is first mentioned in Ex 32:32–33 (see note on Ps 69:28; cf. Da 12:1). It was a register of all citizens in the kingdom community. To have one’s name erased from this book would indicate loss of citizenship (see 13:8; 17:8; 20:12, 15; 21:27; Philippians 4:3). (NIV Case For Christ Study Bible) See also Revelation 20:12–15; 21:27. “The names of sinners are also blotted out of the book of life in…1 Enoch 108:3.” (NIV First Century Study Bible)
[13] This resembles what Jesus said in Matthew 10:32: “Whoever acknowledges me before men, I will also acknowledge him before my Father in heaven.” Luke 12:8 substituted “the angels of God” for “my Father in heaven.”
[14] “We are not to get the impression that Sardis was a defunct affair with the building a wreck, the members scattered, the pastor ready to resign. It was a busy church with meetings every night, committees galore, wheels within wheels, promotion and publicity, something going on all the time.” (Vance Havner)
[15] Hat Tip Seven Deadly Spirits: The Message of Revelation’s Letters for Today's Church, by T. Scott Daniels, for offering good perspective on which I have built.
[16] William Barclay
[17] HT to “Sardis: Warning To A Dead Church” by Andrew Davis for this illustration.
https://twojourneys.org/sermon/sardis-warning-to-a-dead-church-revelation-sermon-6-of-49/
[18] Galatians 5:22-23
[19] Romans 1:25
[20] Biblical Sites In Turkey: Sardis. https://www.meandertravel.com/biblical_asia_minor/biblical_asia_minor.php?details=sardis
[21] Psalm 127:1
[22] Seven Deadly Spirits: The Message of Revelation’s Letters for Today's Church, T. Scott Daniels
[23] “What Exactly Are Subtle Sins? ”http://www.amyfound.org/a_discipled_nation/downloads/oss.pdf
[24] See how Jesus connects murder and hatred in Matthew 5:21-22.
[25] See how Jesus connects adultery and lust in Matthew 5:27-28.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #5: Thyatira's 'Buy In To Fit In.' (Revelation 2:18-23)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I found the journey to be worth it. I hope you do too. 

Previous Post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb_15.html

* * * * * *

Write down My words, and send them to the messenger of the church in Thyatira. “These are the words of the Son of God,[1] the One whose eyes blaze like flames of fire[2] and whose feet gleam like brightly polished bronze: “I know your deeds: love, faithfulness, service, and endurance. Your labors greatly increase in quality as you travel along this journey.

A period of great prosperity was beginning for Thyatira. There were more trade-guilds in Thyatira than in any other Asian city at that time: wool and linen workers, garment manufacturers, tanners, potters, bakers, slave dealers, and bronze smiths.[3]

In a town known for its work, the church was known for its deeds: love that expresses itself in serving others, and faithfulness that has expressed itself in endurance. That’s a fantastic reputation. They are nailing the orthopraxy (righteous actions). The problem is their foundational orthodoxy (righteous teaching/belief). That’s going to need to stabilize, because a shaky foundation cannot sustain even the best deeds. John is going to make this point by referencing the presence of a Jezebel (likely not her real name) in their church. Here’s the backstory of Jezebel.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #4: The Rotunda In Washington DC Looks A Lot Like Rome (Lessons From Smyrna)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I found the journey to be worth it. I hope you do too. 

Previous Post 

http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb_12.html

* * * * *

When John was recording his revelation, Smyrna had a reputation as the “Glory of Asia.” That was not always the case. The Lydians destroyed Smyrna in 600 BC; for four hundred years there was no “city,” just scattered villages in the area, yet records show people still talked about Smyrna as a place. The city was restored in 290 BC. Some ancient writers compared the city with the mythical phoenix, a symbol of resurrection. Others literally recorded Smyrna as a city that was dead and yet lived.[1]

Smyrna was famous for (among other things) fantastic architecture and town planning. You can still walk on spectacular streets that ran from one end of the city to the other. The most famous was called the Golden Street.[2] Apollonius referred to a “crown of porticoes,” a circle of beautiful public buildings that ringed the summit of Mount Pagos.[3] Smyrna was often depicted on coins as a seated woman, with a crown patterned after the buildings on the mountain[4] and a necklace representing the Golden Street.[5]

Because Rome had helped them so much in coming back to life, Smyrna proved to be incredibly loyal. At one point, the citizens literally stripped down and shipped their clothes to a desperate Roman army. When their request to build a temple to the Roman Emperor Tiberius was granted, Smyrna became a notable “temple-warden” of the imperial cult.

By the time of Domitian, emperor worship was mandatory. Burning incense and saying “Caesar is Lord” earned a certificate such as this one: “We, the representatives of the Emperor, Serenos and Hermas, have seen you sacrificing.” Then, you could go worship any god you wanted. This also gave you a “mark” that opened up the economy for you. If you did not do this, you were a disloyal citizen at best and a traitorous outlaw at worst.[6]

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #3: Bullied by Power and Seduced by Pleasure In Ephesus (Part Three)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I found the journey to be worth it. I hope you do too. 

Previous Post On The Church In Pergamum: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/04/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb.html

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EPHESUS: Bullied by Power and Seduced by Pleasure

We are told to obey the prophecy of Revelation (1:3) – and how do you obey a prophecy? Well, prophecy in the Bible is usually (like, 85% of the time) a revelation of who God is, what God desires, and what God demands of us rather than a discussion of the future. So think of Revelation primarily (though not exclusively) as a handbook for Christian living in challenging times, with an ending to human history in which the supremacy of Christ is made clear.[1] Revelation is meant to strengthen our faith that God is with us now in our trials, and that He will one day end the groaning of a sin-soaked world and usher in a New Heaven and a New Earth.

I think we typically focus on the apocalyptic stuff in Revelation when we think of the book, but that’s not how it starts. It starts with personal letters to churches acknowledging their hardship, commending or correcting them as needed, and pointing them toward the goodness of what God offers them in His Kingdom. Then, John gives an artist’s illustration of all the dynamics referenced in the letter.

If you have seen or read A Monster Calls or I Kill Giants,[2] you know how this works. They are stories about grief. Part of the movie is ‘real world’ conflict, but the story quickly bumps into an imaginative fantasy world with giants and monsters in which the same story unfolds in a way that captures our imaginations along with our hearts.

So we are going to move through the letters, but I will try to bring in the artist’s illustrations as we go along.

Children of the Dragon, Children of the Lamb #2: The City Where Satan Has His Throne (Revelation 2:12-17)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I found the journey to be worth it. I hope you do too.

Previous post: http://empiresandmangers.blogspot.com/2024/03/children-of-dragon-children-of-lamb.html

Children of the Dragon; Children of the Lamb #1: The Book of Revelation For Today (An Introduction)

As we enter another highly charged political year, I have been thinking how much the book of Revelation has to offer in terms of casting a discerning eye on how the forces of empires (symbolized by Rome/Babylon) challenge the faith and ethics of the Kingdom of God. To really understand the political broadside John offers in this apocalypse ("unveiling") will take some time. I found the journey to be worth it. I hope you do too.

__________________________________________________________________

REVELATION: The Introduction[1]

Imagine the following paragraph on the sports page of the Chicago Tribune in the winter of 1999.

“The bull which once ruled the Earth for 72 months has suffered a mighty fall. For at the end of 72 months, the great right horn of the bull, whose number is 20 and 3 (let the reader understand) departed, and so did the great left horn of the bull. Then the third horn of the bull, which was pierced in many places and dressed like a woman, likewise departed. Then all the beasts of the Earth, the Hornets and Timberwolves, came and devoured the flesh of the bull, and the glory of the mighty bull was laid low.”[2]

What is this about? Michael Jordan and the Bulls, of course, in the context of the NBA. It tells a true story about real events, but does so in an imaginative and symbolic way.

Close to the end of the 1st century, John received a vision that critiqued Emperor worship and foresaw the collapse of the Roman Empire. Like the Jordan example, the language is primarily symbolic[3] rather than scientific or logical.[4] Like the Jordan story, it tells the readers something important about reality. Here’s the CliffNotes version.